Bodhi conducted a qualitative study for the World Bank to explore barriers to inclusion within Burundi's civil registration and identification (CR/ID) systems. The study examined legal, procedural, social, and economic challenges that prevent access to CR/ID services, particularly for marginalised groups such as women, rural populations, and displaced persons. A social-ecological model, adapted to Burundi context, was used to analyse the multiple levels of influence on individuals' access to and use of CR/ID systems. Integrating the framework into a mixed-methods approach, the research identified key obstacles and provided actionable recommendations for creating a people-centred, inclusive, and sustainable CR/ID system. The Bodhi team conducted extensive primary data collection, including 157 key infromant interviews and 40 focus group discussions. The findings aimed to inform policies to enhance equity, improve service delivery, and support Burundi's national development goals.